Breast tuberculosis – a review and diagnostic pathway

Abstract

Breast tuberculosis (TB) is a rare form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, accounting for 0.1% of all breast conditions globally, with a higher incidence in endemic regions such as India, East Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. It can mimic breast carcinoma, complicating timely diagnosis. Early recognition and proper treatment are crucial for favourable outcomes in breast TB. This review offers a detailed examination of breast TB, and presents a diagnostic pathway designed to improve the diagnosis and management of the disease. This literature review considers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, and diagnostic approaches, highlighting the need for a high level of clinical suspicion, particularly in TB-endemic areas. By providing a structured diagnostic framework, this paper aims to improve prompt and accurate diagnosis of breast TB, enhancing patient care and outcomes.