Mental health update – update on depression with a focus on vortioxetine

Abstract

Depression, identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) as a complicated and multifaceted condition, affects around 280 million people globally. In sub-Saharan Africa, mental health disorders, including depression, account for nearly 10% of the total disease burden, with depressive disorders being the most frequently diagnosed. Symptoms of depression can range from feelings of worthlessness and difficulty concentrating to sleep disruptions and suicidal ideation. Among the different types of depression, major depressive disorder is the most prevalent. Extensive research has explored potential mechanisms contributing to depression, including genetic, neurochemical, and hormonal influences, such as those involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. While both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments can effectively manage depression, antidepressants are typically the first choice. Vortioxetine, an antidepressant with multimodal activity, stands out due to its unique mechanism of action, combining serotonin transporter inhibition with direct modulation of 5-HT receptors. When left untreated, depression can result in serious physical, emotional and behavioural health concerns. This review seeks to summarise current theories on the origins of depression and treatment strategies, with a focus on the therapeutic potential of vortioxetine.