Human papillomavirus (HPV) as the main cause of cervical and other related cancers: a review

Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major cause of several cancers, most notably cervical cancer, which is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide. HPV infections are typically spread through skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity, and while most infections are cleared by the immune system without symptoms, persistent infection with high-risk strains, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, can lead to cellular changes in the body. These changes, over time, can result in precancerous lesions and, if untreated, progress to invasive cancer. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection recognised as the primary cause of cervical cancer, as well as other malignancies such as anal, oropharyngeal, penile, vulvar, and vaginal cancers. Recent advancements in HPV vaccines, including broader protection against multiple strains, have significantly contributed to reducing the incidence of HPV-related cancers. This review explores the role of HPV in oncogenesis, focusing on its types, mechanisms, and contribution to various cancers. Current prevention strategies, including vaccination, screening, and treatment options, are also discussed. The article emphasises the importance of widespread vaccination and early detection to reduce the global burden of HPV-associated cancers.