Probiotics and prebiotics

Abstract

Probiotics and prebiotics are central to supporting a healthy gut microbiome. Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts, while prebiotics are non-digestible fibres that serve as nourishment for beneficial gut bacteria. Together, they can influence digestion, immunity, metabolism, and even mental health. However, the clinical effectiveness of probiotics depends not only on strain and dose, but also on survival during storage and passage through the upper gastrointestinal tract. Evidence shows that many products fail to deliver the promised viable organisms to the intestine, with substantial loss occurring before purchase and upon exposure to the harsh conditions in the stomach. This article reviews the roles and sources of probiotics and prebiotics, their complementary functions, the impact of antibiotics on gut flora, and the critical importance of delivery mechanisms in ensuring probiotic efficacy.