Applying PESTEL Factors to Enhance Sustainable OHS E-Learning: A Theoretical Model for Adult and Continuing Education

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to apply Political, Economic, Social, Technical, Environmental and Legal (PESTEL) factors to e-learning in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) with specific reference to sustainability and occupational health and safety (OHS). The use of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) is also indicated. To this end, a theoretical model is proposed for adult and continuing education. The main constructs relating to ODeL and learning are explored through a systematic literature review and SCOPUS analysis. Applicable global directives, academic publications and other relevant documentation informed this analysis. Findings informed a proposed model for applying PESTEL factors to enhance sustainable OHS e-learning, indicating that such model should incorporate the focus areas of Open Distance e-learning (ODeL), the reimagined PESTEL factors, and a SWOT analysis to take cognisance of internal and external factors that can be helpful or harmful. These elements should inform the development of an OHS MOOC, specifically aimed at addressing the targets set in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4, aimed at enhancing adult and continuing education. The research limitations include that this conceptual paper can be developed further by the application of the proposed theoretical model. This theoretical model should be tested and analysed further in a focused research project. The practical implications therefore lie in the proposed model being used to inform sustainable OHS e-learning in HEIs, aimed at achieving the goals and objectives of SDG 4. This paper makes a valuable contribution to the subject areas of OHS, sustainability, e-learning and PESTEL factors by providing a unique foundation to support sustainable OHS e-learning in HEIs for adult and continuing education, with specific reference to lifelong learning opportunities.